In this article, the implications of the Court's egalitarian approach to affirmative action are examined, with reference to some relevant issues, such as the standard applicable to constitutional review of affirmative action, and the fairness and proportionality of affirmative action measures, including the problem of over- or, Summary. Although beliefs about the effect of positive action are widely held, behavioral responses to positive actions on the part of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries cannot be easily understood without experimental evidence. In this chapter I review the findings of the experimental literature on two key questions: whether an adequate case is being made, and whether the implications of apartheid in present-day South Africa require action. positive as justice and finally an examination of justice and restitution as such. Introduction. Why some people are resistant to AA's affirmative action measures in the Australian context This article explores the justifications put forward by online commentators for their resistance to AA in various areas, including politics, employment and awards. than Western liberal democracies like Australia are. Therefore, historical cases have equated the allocation of a specific proportion of places to various ethnicities with “enforcing discriminatory laws.” this seems to be a victory for the supporters of positive action, the concept remains a paradox without the use of AA, the colleges still reserve substantial room for maneuver. We find very little in the literature examining social mobility as a measure of the effectiveness of affirmative action. programs in Brazil. Ribeiro and Villalobos' 2007 study found that despite increases in years of schooling for non-whites, whites are on average three times more likely than non-whites to experience upward mobility . According to the inadequacy objection, affirmative action is morally unjustified because it is “under-inclusive and over-inclusive with respect to beneficiaries as well as those responsible for the costs” p. 190 unattributed page references relate below to Making Sense of Positive Action. More precisely: the nonconcordance objection. 1. Affirmative action is justified as a means to achieve this. An affirmative action admissions pathway for Māori and Pacific students has been created just four years after the University of Auckland School of Medicine opened. The aim was to create greater diversity within the health system and reflect the needs that exist across New Zealand.